Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC)
Summary Underwater Optical Communication (UWOC) is a type of FSO communication for underwater applications. The increased density of water compared to…
Random Unitary Beamforming (RUB)
Overview Random Unitary Beamforming (RUB) is a beamforming technique that was originally developed for Multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) wireless systems. In…
Mach-Zender Modulators (MZM)
Summary Mach-Zender Modulators (MZM) are electro-optic devices used to encode information into a laser beam before transmission, using materials such as…
Self-Defocusing/Thermal Bloom
Overview Self-defocusing in free-space optics (FSO) describes the divergence of a laser beam beyond that predicted by diffraction. It commonly results…
Rayleigh Length
Rayleigh Length Summary Rayleigh length is a fundamental concept in optics that describes how far a collimated beam, typically a Gaussian…
Raman Scattering and Spectroscopy
What Is Raman Scattering? Raman scattering is a physical process that occurs when light interacts with molecules and causes them to…
Light Scattering
Summary Rayleigh Scattering Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles in the Earth’s atmosphere that…
Fast Steering Mirrors (FSMs)
Summary Fast Steering Mirrors or adaptive optics are precision-controlled, rapidly adjustable mirrors, crucial in Free Space Optics (FSO) systems for stabilizing…
Heterodyne Detection and Homodyne Detection
Heterodyne Detection Heterodyne detection, also known as coherent detection, is a method used in Free Space Optics (FSO) to enhance signal…
Coherent Light Sources
Coherent Light Sources Coherent light sources are lasers that emit light with a high degree of coherence, meaning the light waves…